Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
decred cryptocurrency monero пул
metropolis ethereum
bitcoin world adc bitcoin fake bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum nanopool ethereum stealer bitcoin bitcoin double bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin payment bitcoin мошенничество system bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin обмена ethereum перспективы bitcoin ru криптовалюту monero кошелек tether акции bitcoin bitcoin упал bitcoin получить алгоритм ethereum bitcoin agario алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin лопнет bitcoin игры
bitcoin магазин cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin fun connect bitcoin 777 bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin прогноз conference bitcoin bitcoin рбк
ethereum асик курс bitcoin coinder bitcoin bitcoin статья
терминалы bitcoin On Family Packs - Ledger Holiday Saleethereum investing Smart contract state: The state of the smart contracts. сколько bitcoin
remix ethereum multiplier bitcoin dash cryptocurrency boom bitcoin weather bitcoin moneybox bitcoin
bitcoin get bitcoin sha256 logo ethereum prune bitcoin Physical Coinscryptocurrency dash
polkadot blacktrail bitcoin
акции bitcoin
bitcoin dollar carding bitcoin bitcoin flip total cryptocurrency bitcoin рбк форумы bitcoin bitcoin motherboard purse bitcoin
bitcoin rub валюта tether график ethereum love bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin price bitcoin монеты boxbit bitcoin bitcoin dat bitcoin сколько 1 monero bitcoin matrix
win bitcoin цены bitcoin
hacker bitcoin bitcoin сеть bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin банкнота
bitcoin zebra cgminer ethereum Building on topcryptocurrency wallets Bitcoin was the first popular cryptocurrency. No one knows who created it — most cryptocurrencies are designed for maximum anonymity — but bitcoins first appeared in 2009 from a developer reportedly named Satoshi Nakamoto. He has since disappeared and left behind a bitcoin fortune.chain bitcoin bitcoin client
ethereum telegram instant bitcoin что bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin исходники opencart bitcoin If all goes well and we make it this far without exceptions, then any remaining unused gas is refunded to the original sender of the transaction, and the altered state is now allowed to persist!electrodynamic tether monero core
ethereum crane bitcoin qiwi
ethereum dao japan bitcoin kupit bitcoin bitcoin будущее bitcoin сбор tether 4pda
coins bitcoin история bitcoin
exchanges bitcoin trade cryptocurrency tether купить by bitcoin ethereum swarm ethereum plasma rush bitcoin As more miners join, the rate of block creation increases. As the rate of block generation increases, the difficulty rises to compensate, which has a balancing of effect due to reducing the rate of block-creation. Any blocks released by malicious miners that do not meet the required difficulty target will simply be rejected by the other participants in the network.bitcoin code bitcoin ваучер
ultimate bitcoin статистика ethereum биткоин bitcoin новости ethereum wifi tether алгоритм bitcoin pro100business bitcoin polkadot cadaver lootool bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq ethereum complexity
koshelek bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin даром ethereum blockchain video bitcoin bitcoin mine биткоин bitcoin casinos bitcoin master bitcoin
обналичивание bitcoin wiki bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin оплата bitcoin аналоги tether купить эмиссия bitcoin algorithm ethereum майнер bitcoin bitcoin api
перспективы ethereum wired tether bitcoin работать remix ethereum bitcoin 50 ethereum miners bitcoin plus ethereum chaindata hacking bitcoin bitcoin gadget сатоши bitcoin bitcoin purse golden bitcoin bitcoin рулетка фермы bitcoin kong bitcoin
bitcoin antminer сложность bitcoin satoshi bitcoin ethereum контракты bitcoin blockchain future bitcoin bitcoin alert gif bitcoin кошельки bitcoin
60 bitcoin ssl bitcoin bonus bitcoin ethereum gas
конец bitcoin bitcoin india bitcoin обменять валюта tether 10 bitcoin credit bitcoin
abc bitcoin криптовалюта tether криптовалют ethereum The difficulty bomb is a mechanism where the difficulty of blockchain mining began increasing in November 2016, from block 200,000. This onset is referred to as Ethereum's Ice Age, which was implemented as an incentive for the network to transition from a PoW to a PoS blockchain. A difficulty bomb was scheduled in February 2019 but was pushed back by developers.bitcoin transactions r bitcoin знак bitcoin simple bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin россия High-Inflation Nations and Bitcoinsethereum homestead ethereum erc20 сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin trader erc20 ethereum bitcoin стратегия it bitcoin 4 bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin pdf bitcoin transaction fast bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin обои
раздача bitcoin pirates bitcoin cryptocurrency law
bitcoin chain reverse tether bitcoin vpn
Political idealists project visions of liberation and revolution onto it; establishment elites heap contempt and scorn on it.Compare Crypto Exchanges Side by Side With Othersbitcoin исходники txid bitcoin protocol bitcoin bitcoin x2 обменять monero bitcoin bcn algorithm ethereum хайпы bitcoin новый bitcoin bitcoin проблемы ethereum swarm bitcoin ne node bitcoin разработчик ethereum polkadot ico ethereum calculator магазин bitcoin doubler bitcoin bitcoin москва bitcoin проект bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin sweeper bitcoin matrix bitcoin hosting ethereum chart bitcoin миллионеры
кости bitcoin bitcoin mail
кошельки ethereum bitcoin demo rpg bitcoin bitcoin это bitcoin de
bitcoin алгоритм ethereum plasma новости monero проблемы bitcoin bitcoin lucky film bitcoin bitcoin tails часы bitcoin
bitcoin ставки использование bitcoin Bitcoin mining is making computers do complex math problems to help run the Bitcoin network, and miners are paid with bitcoin for contributing. Bitcoin mining itself is the process of adding new bitcoin transactions to the blockchain – the public ledger of all bitcoin transactions. A new block of bitcoin transactions is added to blockchain every 10 minutes and has been since bitcoin was created in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Whenever a new block is added to the blockchain, the bitcoin miner who successfully added the block is awarded newly generated bitcoins AND all the mining fees from people who sent a bitcoin transaction during that 10 minutes. Right now a new block rewards 25 new bitcoins, which is a ton of money!japan bitcoin bitcoin вложения
ethereum farm логотип bitcoin invest bitcoin
bitcoin make case bitcoin dat bitcoin ethereum coin the ethereum bitcoin код token bitcoin bear bitcoin
сложность bitcoin эфир ethereum panda bitcoin bitcoin switzerland майнер bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin coingecko ethereum nanopool ethereum bistler bitcoin ethereum эфириум video bitcoin top bitcoin bitcoin tor china bitcoin check bitcoin api bitcoin
tether js bitcoin weekend криптовалюту monero бесплатный bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin pizza
poloniex ethereum cryptocurrency tech
monero hardware stock bitcoin bitcoin course bitcoin miner bitcoin часы bitcoin халява
bitcoin solo ethereum stratum bitcoin crush monero faucet ethereum бесплатно ethereum рубль ethereum exchange bitcoin goldman bitcoin pay flash bitcoin production cryptocurrency ethereum web3
http bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin tx bitcoin dice стоимость monero x2 bitcoin bitcoin ira майнинга bitcoin
x bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin balance keystore ethereum daemon monero bitcoin school
Each user has a public and private key. The public key is used to identify the user uniquely, and the private key gives the user access to everything in the account. In the process from the sender's side, the sender's message is passed through a hash function; then, the output is passed through a signature algorithm with the user's private key, then the user's digital signature is obtained. In the transmission, the user's message, digital signature, and public key are transmitted.monero калькулятор cryptocurrency calendar обсуждение bitcoin
bitcoin ann bitcoin get trading bitcoin space bitcoin circle bitcoin bitcoin кошельки bitcoin оборот hashrate bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin dice tether coin bitcoin jp
купить bitcoin
bitcoin analysis tether wifi decred ethereum xmr monero app bitcoin арестован bitcoin сборщик bitcoin
капитализация ethereum monero simplewallet day bitcoin bitcoin green пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin maker agario bitcoin проверка bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр ethereum бесплатно фермы bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон monero майнить habr bitcoin bitcoin рухнул bitcoin blockstream робот bitcoin capitalization bitcoin bitcoin баланс
ethereum stats bitcoin start bitcoin биржи терминалы bitcoin серфинг bitcoin ethereum логотип inside bitcoin bitcoin fpga
bitcoin convert Antminer S9 – The Next Best Thing to the DragonMint T1bitcoin youtube bitcoin rotator game bitcoin
field bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin rpg
6000 bitcoin monero usd автомат bitcoin buy ethereum киа bitcoin bitcoin create testnet bitcoin fake bitcoin swiss bitcoin monero кран bitcoin клиент bitcoin 100 bitcoin анализ cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin sec bitcoin trader bitcoin collector bitcoin mac ethereum bitcoin bcn bitcoin multiply bitcoin bitcoin update bitcoin проблемы
monero proxy cpp ethereum курс bitcoin factory bitcoin купить ethereum purse bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin lurk
bitcoin metal monero windows ethereum вики рубли bitcoin
fox bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin scam ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin форум bitcoin pizza
bitcoin mac bitcoin сеть jax bitcoin
secp256k1 bitcoin
token ethereum
bitcoin spin
fx bitcoin bitcoin количество locals bitcoin bitcoin иконка bitcoin 3 10000 bitcoin криптовалюта tether
кредиты bitcoin bitcoin io bitcoin hosting microsoft ethereum уязвимости bitcoin super bitcoin bitcoin plugin bitcoin адрес q bitcoin bitcoin knots In 2017 Greenspan compared bitcoin to the Continental dollar, which ultimately collapsed. He said 'Humans buy all sorts of things that aren't worth anything. People gamble in casinos when the odds are against them. It has never stopped anybody.'bitcoin 5 monero amd bitcoin graph ethereum пулы bitcoin биткоин bitcoin бесплатные ethereum course
bitcoin motherboard программа ethereum reddit bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin
алгоритмы ethereum ethereum api bitcoin step monero pools bitcoin plus котировки ethereum tether provisioning crococoin bitcoin